Includes index.

Machine generated contents note: 1.Company Incorporation -- 1.1.Why Incorporate a Company? -- 1.2.Procedure for Forming a Private Limited Company ('LTD') -- 1.3.Incorporation Paperwork for an LTD -- 1.4.Corporate Capacity and Authority -- 1.5.Contracts and the Company Seal -- 1.6.Post Incorporation Requirements e.g. Letterheads, etc. -- 2.Conversion and Re-registration -- 2.1.Types of companies under the Companies Act 2014 and the Companies Acts 1963-2013 -- 2.2.Names of companies -- 2.3.The Form of Constitutional Documents for Company Types other than the LTD -- 2.4.Conversion of Existing Private Companies -- 2.5.Re-registration -- 3.Officers of a Company -- 3.1.Introduction -- 3.2.Key Legislation -- 3.3.Types of Director -- 3.4.Directors' Powers -- 3.5.General Provisions Relating to Directors -- 3.6.Controls on Directors -- 3.7.Directors' Duties -- 3.8.Company Secretary -- 3.9.Risk Management -- 4.Company Decision-making -- 4.1.Roles and Responsibilities

Note continued: 4.2.Decisions Reserved for Members -- 4.3.Rules Governing Directors' Meetings -- 4.4.Rules Governing Members' Meetings -- 4.5.Post Decision Requirements -- 4.6.The Summary Approval Procedure ('SAP') -- 5.Share Capital -- 5.1.Introduction -- 5.2.What is Share Capital? -- 5.3.Maintenance of Capital -- 5.4.Allotting and Issuing Shares -- 5.5.Classes of Shares -- 5.6.Distributions -- 5.7.Transfer of Shares -- 5.8.Transmission of Shares -- 5.9.Nominee/Beneficial Ownership of Shares -- 6.Shareholders' Agreements -- 6.1.Introduction -- 6.2.Principal Uses -- 6.3.Main Provisions -- 6.4.Advantages/Disadvantages -- 6.5.Subscription and Shareholders' Agreement -- 6.6.General Provisions/Boilerplate -- 7.Financial Statements, Annual Return, and Audit -- 7.1.Accounting Records: Introduction -- 7.2.Form of Accounting Records -- 7.3.Where Accounting Records are to be Kept -- 7.4.Access to Accounting Records -- 7.5.Retention of Accounting Records and Offences

Note continued: 7.6.The Concept of the 'Financial Year' -- 7.7.Statutory Financial Statements -- 7.8.The Directors' Report -- 7.9.The Directors' Compliance Statement -- 7.10.The Obligation to Have Statutory Financial Statements Audited -- 7.11.The Publication of Financial Statements -- 7.12.The Annual Return and Documents Annexed to it -- 7.13.Exclusions, Exemptions, and Special Arrangements with Regard to Public Disclosure of Financial Information -- 7.14.Exemption from Statutory Requirement for an Audit for Small Companies -- 7.15.Exemption from Statutory Requirement for an Audit for Dormant Companies -- 7.16.Revision of Defective Statutory Financial Statements -- 7.17.Statutory Auditors -- 8.Company Law Enforcement -- 8.1.Introduction -- 8.2.Public Enforcement -- 8.3.Crimes -- 8.4.Functions of the Regulators -- 8.5.Reporting -- 8.6.Information Gathering -- 8.7.Private Enforcement -- 9.Commercial Borrowing -- 9.1.Introduction -- 9.2.Who is the Borrower?

Note continued: 9.3.Types of Facilities -- 9.4.Types of Security -- 9.5.Principal Securities Delivered by Companies -- 9.6.Taking Security over Particular Assets -- 9.7.Supporting Security -- 9.8.Secretarial Considerations and Requirements -- 9.9.Post-completion Procedures -- 10.Transactions with Directors -- 10.1.Introduction -- 10.2.Prohibitions on a Company on Loans/Quasi-loans/Credit Transactions and Related Security with Directors and 'Connected Persons' -- 10.3.Prohibitions on a Company in Relation to Substantial Property Transactions with Directors and Connected Persons -- 11.Corporate Restructuring and Insolvency -- 11.1.Introduction -- 11.2.Insolvency and Winding-up Procedures Applicable to Companies -- 11.3.Receivership -- 11.4.Examinerships -- 11.5.Winding Up -- 11.6.Consequences of Insolvent Liquidation -- 11.7.Disqualification -- 11.8.EU Council Regulation No. 1346/2000 on Insolvency Proceedings -- 11.9.Insolvency Regulation Review

Note continued: 11.10.Recent Developments Affecting Insolvency Law and Practice -- 12.Buying and Selling a Business -- 12.1.Introduction -- 12.2.Structuring of Transactions -- 12.3.Heads of Agreement -- 12.4.Due Diligence -- 12.5.Pre-conditions to a Purchase Agreement -- 12.6.Warranties and Indemnities -- 12.7.Disclosure Letter -- 12.8.Consideration Payable under Share Purchase Agreement -- 12.9.Restrictive Covenants -- 12.10.Signing and Completion of Share Purchase Agreement -- 12.11.Analysis of Typical Share Purchase Agreement -- 13.Financial Assistance -- 13.1.Introduction -- 13.2.Prohibition on a Company Giving 'Financial Assistance' -- 13.3.Exemptions -- 13.4.Consequences of a Breach of Section 82 -- 13.5.Public Limited Companies and their Subsidiaries -- 13.6.Conclusion -- 14.Partnership Law -- 14.1.Nature of Partnerships -- 14.2.Partners' Rights Inter Se -- 14.3.Relations between Partners and Third Parties -- 14.4.Actions between Partners

Note continued: 14.5.Dissolution of a Partnership -- 14.6.Partnerships with Limited Liability -- 15.Income Tax -- 15.1.Business Taxation -- 15.2.An Introduction to Income Tax -- 15.3.Who Must Pay Irish Income Tax? -- 15.4.Tax Rates -- 15.5.Tax Credits -- 15.6.Types of Income -- 15.7.Deposit Interest & Deposit Interest Retention Tax (DIRT) (Scheduled D Case IV) -- 15.8.Rental Income [—] Schedule D Case V -- 15.9.Income from a Business [—] Schedule D Case I & II -- 15.10.Special Rules -- 15.11.Losses -- 15.12.Tax Incentives for Investors -- 15.13.Universal Social Charge (USC) -- 15.14.Pay Related Social Insurance (PRSI) -- 15.15.Administration and Payment of Income Tax -- 15.16.Obligation to keep Records -- 15.17.Expression of Doubt -- 15.18.Anti-Avoidance -- 15.19.Revenue Powers -- 15.20.Penalties -- 15.21.Examples: Income Tax, Universal Social Charge, and PRSI -- 15.22.Taxation of a Partnership -- 16.Capital Gains Tax -- 16.1.What is Capital Gains Tax?

Note continued: 16.2.What is a Disposal? -- 16.3.Gift/Disposal not at 'Arm's Length' -- 16.4.Who Must Pay Irish Capital Gains Tax? -- 16.5.Rate of Tax -- 16.6.Timing of Payment -- 16.7.CGT Returns -- 16.8.Calculating CGT -- 16.9.Losses -- 16.10.Anti-Avoidance -- 16.11.Exemptions -- 16.12.Tax Clearance Certificates -- 16.13.Self-assessment -- 17.Corporation Tax -- 17.1.Introduction -- 17.2.Liability to Irish Corporation Tax -- 17.3.How to Register for Corporation Tax -- 17.4.Tax Rates -- 17.5.Calculation of Corporation Tax -- 17.6.Start-up Exemption -- 17.7.Preliminary Tax -- 17.8.Tax Return and Payment of Balance of Corporation Tax -- 17.9.Trading Losses [—] Schedule D Case I or II -- 17.10.Group Relief -- 17.11.Inter Group Payments -- 17.12.Taxation of Dividends -- 17.13.Close Company -- 17.14.Reliefs -- 17.15.Companies Chargeable Gains -- 17.16.Corporation Tax Calculation Example -- 17.17.Comparison of Income Tax and Corporation Tax -- 18.Consumer Law

Note continued: 18.1.Introduction -- 18.2.Sale of Goods [—] the 1893 and 1980 Acts -- 18.3.Sale of Goods [—] the Sales Directive -- 18.4.Sale of Goods [—] Guarantees -- 18.5.Supply of Services -- 18.6.European Communities (Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts) Regulations 1995 and 2000 -- 18.7.Consumer Protection Act 2007 -- 18.8.Liability for Defective Products Act 1991 and European Communities (Liability for Defective Products) Regulations 2000 -- 18.9.European Communities (General Product Safety) Regulations 2004 -- 18.10.The European Union (Consumer Information, Cancellation and Other Rights) Regulations 2013 -- 18.11.Consumer Credit Act 1995 -- 18.12.Competition and Consumer Protection Act 2014 -- 18.13.Other Consumer Protection Legislation -- 19.Commercial Drafting -- 19.1.Introduction -- 19.2.Instructions and Objectives -- 19.3.Legal and Other Constraints -- 19.4.Organisation -- 19.5.Timing -- 19.6.Using Precedents -- 19.7.Style

Note continued: 19.8.Outline and Structure -- 19.9.Execution Clauses -- 19.10.Limitation of Liability -- 19.11.Boilerplate Provisions -- 19.12.Problems in Drafting -- 19.13.Managing of the Contractual Documentation -- 19.14.The Negotiation Process -- 19.15.Conclusion -- 20.Terms and Conditions of Trading -- 20.1.Introduction -- 20.2.Whose Terms and Conditions Apply? -- 20.3.General Terms and Conditions of Sale/Supply -- 20.4.Key Provisions -- 20.5.Conclusion -- 21.Intellectual Property -- 21.1.Introduction -- 21.2.Patents -- 21.3.Trade Marks and Counterfeit Goods -- 21.4.Passing Off -- 21.5.Copyright and Designs -- 21.6.Confidential Information -- 22.Information Technology -- 22.1.What is Technology Law? -- 22.2.Data Protection Law and Practice -- 22.3.Electronic Contracts -- 22.4.Selling Online -- 22.5.Managing Employee and Contractor Use of Email, Internet and Computer Systems -- 23.Competition Law -- 23.1.Introduction -- 23.2.Concept of Competition Law

Note continued: 23.3.Example of Competition Law in the Practice of Solicitors -- 23.4.The Application of Competition Law in Practice to Control the Behaviour of 'Undertakings' -- 23.5.Sources of Competition Law -- 23.6.Rationale of Competition Law -- 23.7.The Market: Market Definition and Market Assessment -- 23.8.Anti-competitive Arrangements -- 23.9.Abuse of Dominance -- 23.10.Administration of Competition Law -- 23.11.Conclusions.

This manual provides trainee solicitors with a clear understanding of business law, including coverage of shareholders' agreements, share purchase agreements, partnership law, and intellectual property.