Includes bibliographical references and index.

Machine generated contents note: pt. One How Evolution Works -- ch. 1 Adaptation by Natural Selection -- Explaining Adaptation before Darwin -- Darwin's Theory of Adaptation -- Darwin's Postulates -- Example of Adaptation by Natural Selection -- Individual Selection -- Evolution of Complex Adaptations -- Why Small Variations Are Important -- Why Intermediate Steps Are Favored by Selection -- Rates of Evolutionary Change -- Darwin's Difficulties Explaining Variation -- ch. 2 Genetics -- Mendelian Genetics -- Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance -- Mitosis and Meiosis -- Chromosomes and Mendel's Experimental Results -- Linkage and Recombination -- A Closer Look 2.1 More on Recombination -- Molecular Genetics -- Genes Are DNA -- Some Genes Code for Proteins -- Regulatory Sequences Control Gene Expression -- Not All DNA Codes for Protein -- ch. 3 Modern Synthesis -- Population Genetics -- Genes in Populations -- How Random Mating and Sexual Reproduction Change Genotypic Frequencies -- A Closer Look 3.1 Genotypic Frequencies after Two Generations of Random Mating -- How Natural Selection Changes Gene Frequencies -- Modern Synthesis -- Genetics of Continuous Variation -- How Variation Is Maintained -- Natural Selection and Behavior -- Constraints on Adaptation -- Correlated Characters -- Disequilibrium -- Genetic Drift -- Local versus Optimal Adaptations -- Other Constraints on Evolution -- A Closer Look 3.2 Geometry of Area/Volume Ratios -- ch. 4 Speciation and Phylogeny -- What Are Species? -- Biological Species Concept -- Ecological Species Concept -- Origin of Species -- Allopatric Speciation -- Parapatric and Sympatric Speciation -- Tree of Life -- Why Reconstruct Phylogenies? -- A Closer Look 4.1 Role of Phylogeny in the Comparative Method -- How to Reconstruct Phylogenies -- Problems Due to Convergence -- Problems Due to Ancestral Characters -- Using Genetic-Distance Data to Date Phylogenetic Events -- Taxonomy: Naming Names -- pt. Two Primate Ecology and Behavior -- ch. 5 Primate Diversity and Ecology -- Two Reasons to Study Primates -- Primates Are Our Closest Relatives -- Primates Are a Diverse Order -- Features That Define the Primates -- Primate Biogeography -- A Closer Look 5.1 Teeth and Guts: You Are What You Can Chew -- Taxonomy of Living Primates -- Primate Diversity -- Strepsirrhines -- Haplorrhines -- Primate Ecology -- Distribution of Food -- Activity Patterns -- Ranging Behavior -- Predation -- Primate Sociality -- Primate Conservation -- A Closer Look 5.2 Forms of Social Groups among Primates -- ch. 6 Primate Mating Systems -- Language of Adaptive Explanations -- Evolution of Reproductive Strategies -- Reproductive Strategies of Females -- Sources of Variation in Female Reproductive Performance -- A Closer Look 6.1 Dominance Hierarchies -- Reproductive Trade-offs -- Sexual Selection and Male Mating Strategies -- Intrasexual Selection -- Male Reproductive Tactics -- Investing Males -- Male-Male Competition in Groups without Pair Bonds -- Infanticide -- ch. 7 Evolution of Cooperation -- Altruism: A Puzzle -- Mutualism -- Problem with Group-Level Explanations -- Kin Selection -- A Closer Look 7.1 Group Selection -- Hamilton's Rule -- Kin Recognition -- Kin Biases in Behavior -- A Closer Look 7.2 How Relationships Are Maintained -- Parent-Offspring Conflict -- Reciprocal Altruism -- ch. 8 Primate Life Histories and the Evolution of Intelligence -- Big Brains and Long Lives -- Life History Theory -- Selective Pressures Favoring Large Brains in Monkeys and Apes -- What Do Monkeys Know about One Another? -- Value of Studying Primate Behavior -- pt. Three History of the Human Lineage -- ch. 9 From Tree Shrew to Ape -- Continental Drift and Climate Change -- Methods of Paleontology -- A Closer Look 9.1 Using Deep-Sea Cores to Reconstruct Ancient Climates -- Evolution of the Early Primates -- First Haplorrhines -- A Closer Look 9.2 Facts That Teeth Can Reveal -- Emergence of the Hominoids -- A Closer Look 9.3 Missing Links -- ch. 10 From Hominoid to Hominin -- At the Beginning -- A Closer Look 10.1 What It Takes To Be a Biped -- Sahelanthropus tchadensis -- Orrorin tugenensis -- Ardipithecus -- Ar. kadabba -- Ar. ramidus -- Adaptive Advantages of Bipedalism -- Hominin Community Diversifies -- Australopithecus -- Au. anamensis -- Au. afarensis -- Au. garhi -- Au. africanus -- Au. sediba -- Paranthropus -- Kenyanthropus -- Hominin Phylogenies -- ch. 11 Oldowan Toolmakers and the Origin of Human Life History -- Oldowan Toolmakers -- A Closer Look 11.1 Ancient Toolmaking and Tool Use -- Complex Foraging Shapes Human Life History -- A Closer Look 11.2 Why Meat Eating Favors Food Sharing -- Evidence for Complex Foraging by Oldowan Toolmakers -- Archaeological Evidence for Meat Eating -- Hunters or Scavengers? -- Domestic Lives of Oldowan Toolmakers -- Back to the Future: The Transition to Modern Human Life Histories -- ch. 12 From Hominin to Homo -- Early Homo -- Homo ergaster -- Morphology -- Tools and Subsistence -- Dispersal out of Africa -- Eastern Asia: Homo erectus -- Hominins of the Early Middle Pleistocene (900 to 300 kya) -- Africa and Western Eurasia: Homo heidelbergensis -- Hominins of the Later Pleistocene (300 to 50 kya) -- Eastern Eurasia: Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis -- Western Eurasia: The Neanderthals -- Africa: The Road to Homo sapiens? -- Sources of Change -- Muddle in the Middle -- ch. 13 Homo sapiens and the Evolution of Modern Human Behavior -- Fossils Classified as Modern Homo sapiens -- Origin and Spread of Modern Humans -- Genetic Data -- Evidence from Fossils -- African Archaeological Record for the Later Pleistocene -- Archaeological Record Outside of Africa after 60 kya -- pt. Four Evolution and Modern Humans -- ch. 14 Human Genetics -- Explaining Genetic Variation -- How Humans Are Different from Other Apes -- Dimensions of Human Variation -- Variation in Traits Influenced by Single Genes -- Causes of Genetic Variation within Groups -- A Closer Look 14.1 Calculating Gene Frequencies for a Balanced Polymorphism -- Causes of Genetic Variation among Groups -- Variation in Complex Phenotypic Traits -- Genetic Variation within Groups -- Genetic Variation among Groups -- Race Concept -- ch. 15 Evolution and Human Behavior -- Why Evolution Is Relevant to Human Behavior -- Understanding How We Think -- Inbreeding Avoidance -- Human Mate Preferences -- Social Consequences of Mate Preferences -- Kipsigis Bridewealth -- How Much Does Evolution Explain about Human Behavior? -- ch. 16 Culture, Cooperation, and Human Uniqueness -- Evolution and Human Culture -- Culture Is an Adaptation -- Cooperation -- Is Human Evolution Over?.